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博硕英音英语语法:第十章:形容词和副词(1)

博硕英音英语语法 2009-09-09 15:41:39 阅读192 评论0 字号:

  第十章:形容词和副词(1) 第十章:形容词和副词(2) 第十章:形容词和副词(3)

第十章 形容词和副词

§10.1 形容词辨义

1.近义和近形形容词

(1)alike,similar

alike 意指“几乎同样”,常用作表语,不可直接放在名词前面;

similar 则指“在很多方面相似,但不是全部”:be similar to(与?

相似)。

a.(误)Mary and Ann are alike people in this respect.

(应去掉people)

b.All music is alike to Tom.各种音乐在汤姆听来都一样。

(指没有鉴赏力)

c.A is similar to B in many ways.

(2)shameful,ashamed,shameless

shameful 意为“可耻的、丢脸的”,常用作定语表示主动意义,用

以指事物:shameful conduct(无耻行径);ashamed 意为“羞耻的、惭

愧的”,常用作表语,表示被动,用来指人:be/feel ashamed to do

sth.(对做某事感到害臊),be ashamed of oneself(为自己感到害

臊),beashamed of(对?感到惭愧),be ashamed for sb.(替某人

感到羞耻);shameless 用来指人,意为“不知羞耻的”。

a.I feel ashamed that have done so little for the people.

b.Mr.Smith,I am sorry about what I said.I am terribly ashamed

of my stupidity.

(3)beloved,lovable

beloved 意为“心爱的”,用作表语时意为“为?所爱的”,用作定

语时意为“被热爱的”;lovable 意为“可爱的、讨人喜欢的”。

a.Cornelia was Lear's beloved daughter.

b.He is a lovable child.

(4)capable,able

be able to 和 be capable of 都是指“能够”,但前者的主语限于

有生命的事物,而后者无此限制。be capable of 褒贬都可以用,指经常

性的现象,但多数情况下指坏事;be able to 多用于褒义,仅指暂时的

现象。

a.They are able to find their own food.

b.We are not able to go for an outing day.

c.He is capable of teaching English.

d.The machine is capable of chopping any kind of meat in three

minutes.

(5)comprehensive,comprehensible

comprehensive 意为“综合性的”:comprehensive planning(全面

规划),take a comprehensive view of the situation(通观全局);

comprehensi-ble 意为“可充分了解的”。

Tom passed his Ph.D comprehensive exam.

(6)cultural,cultured,cultivated

cultural 指“文化的、文化上的”:cultural objects and historic

monu-ments(文物古迹),cultural and educational work(文化教育

工作);cul-tured 意为“有教养的、有修养的”,用以形容人以及city,

community,nation 等名词,一般与cultivated 同义。

China is a cultured nation.

(7)dissatisfied,unsatisfied,unsatisfactory

dissatisfied 表示“(没有达到某种愿望或要求)不满意的”:be

dis-satisfied with/at(对?不满或不平);unsatisfied 表示“(没

有得到足够食物)不满足的”:be unsatisfied with(对?不满足或不

满意);unsat-isfactory 意为“不令人满意的”,和satisfactory 一

样,是非人称的形容词,不能修饰人。

a.There was a dissatisfied look in his eyes.

b.Both of us are very dissatisfied with his explanation.

c.I ate only one hour ago,but my hunger is still unsatisfied.

(8)distant,fat

distant 常指“(关系)疏远的”:a distant relative(远房亲戚);

far 意指“(场所)远的”:by far(修饰比较级或最高级,强调数量

或程度等,?得多、最?),far and away(大大?、无疑地、肯定地),

far and near(远近、到处、四面八方),far and wide(到处、广泛

地),far from(远离;远远不、完全不、非但不),in so far as(表

示程度、范围,就?、尽?),so far(迄今为止、就此范围或程度说

来)。

a.He is one of my distant cousins on my father's side.

b.He is by far the tallest among us.

c.His explanation is clearer by far.

(9)drunk,drunken

drunk 常做表语,意为“酒醉的、陶醉的、兴奋的”:be/get drunk

(醉了),be drunk with joy(陶醉于欢乐之中);drunken 常做定语,

意为“醉的、酒醉的”:a drunken man(醉汉),in a drunken manner

(摇摇晃晃地)。

I used to be drunk all the time.

(10)economic,economital

economic 意为“经济上的、与经济有关的”;economical 意为“节

约的、节省的”。

a.The present economic situation in Italy is serious.

b.I have to be economical because I don't have much money.

(11)high,expensive,low,cheap

high,low 指价格的高低;expensive,cheap 指东西的贵贱。

a.Prices are very high/low.

b.Things are very expensive/cheap.

(12)full,filled

be filled with 与 be full of 含义相同,意为“充满、挤满”,

为惯用语,注意所带介词不同。

The stadium was full of/filled with people.

(13)imaginary,inaginable,imaginative

imaginary 意为“虚构的、想像出来的”;imaginative 意为“有想

像力的”;imaginable 意为“可以想像的”。

a.We need facts.We cannot work on an imaginary case.

b.The imaginative child made up fairy stories.

(14)fun,funny

fun 意为“有趣的”;funny 意为“好笑的、滑稽的”:get funny with

(对?十分不敬)。

Nothing is so fun as watching a football game.

(15)famous,notorious.

famous 意为“著名的”,表示广为人知或常受谈论,往往含有称颂

之意:be famous for(以?著名);notorious 意为“臭名昭著的”,

表示由于不好的事而出名:be notorious for(以?臭名昭著)。

a.The city is famous for its hot springs.

b.He is notorious for dirty tricks.

(16)opposite,opposed

be opposed to 意为“背叛、反对、对抗(意见、人)”等;be opposite

to 则表示“在?对面、与?相对”。

a.The whole town was opposed to the plan.

b.Idealism is opposite to materialism.

(17)respectful,respectable,respected

respectful 意为“尊敬人的”,表示主动意义;respectable 意为

“值得尊敬的、受人尊敬的”;respected 也表示“受人尊敬的”。后二

者表示被动意义。

a.You should be more respectful to your superiors.

b.It's not respectable to drink in the street.

c.A respected/respectable professor will come.

(18)satisfied,satisfactory

其差别与dissatisfied 和unsatisfactory 之间的差别相同。

satisfied 修饰人,表示“感到满意的”;satisfactory 修饰物,表示

“令人满意的、合乎要求的”。

a.The teacher was satisfied with the answer.

b.This is not satisfactory.

(19)sensitive,sensible

sensitive 意为“敏感的”;sensible 意为“明理的”。

Don't tell him about what you think of him because he is very

sensi-tive.

(20)tasteful,tasty

tasteful 意为“高雅的、有鉴别力的、风趣的”,用来描述人或事

物;tasty 意为“好吃的、美味的”,用来描述食物。

This meat is very tasty.

(21)historic,historical

historic 意为“历史上出名的、有历史意义的”;historical 意为

“历史的、与历史有关的”。

Waterloo is a historic battlefield.

(22)healthful,healthy

healthful 意为“有益健康的”,用以描述事物;healthy 意为“健

康的”,用以描述人。

a.Having a walk after dinner is healthful.

b.He is very healthy.

(23)enviable,envious,jealous

enviable 意为“值得羡慕的、令人妒忌的”,往往有被动含义;

envi-ous 意为“羡慕别人的、妒忌别人的”,含有主动意义:be envious

of(羡慕或妒忌的);jealous 意为“妒忌的”,不含有羡慕之意:be jealous

of(妒忌的)。

a.He has an enviable school record.

b.They are envious of our success.

(24)exhausted,exhausting,exhaustive

exhausted 表示“感到精疲力竭的”,含有被动含义;exhausting

表示“使人精疲力竭的”,含有主动意义; exhaustive 意为“彻底的、

寻根刨底的”。

a.The enemy troops were exhausted and demoralized.

b.I am completely exhausted.

c.I don't claim to be exhaustive on this subject.

我并不认为自己把这个问题讲透了。

类似的还有:interested(感到有趣的),interesting(有趣的),

amused(感到有趣的),amusing(有趣的),disappointed(感到失望

的),disap-pointing(令人失望的),shocked(感到震惊的),shocking

(令人震惊的),tired(感到疲劳的),tiring(使人疲劳的),以及

其他一些带有“使?怎么样”含义的动词,大部分有两种形容词形式,

其中过去分词形式含有被动意义,现在分词形式含有主动意义。

(25)delighted,delightful

delighted 意为“感到高兴的”,有被动含义;delightful 表示“令

人高兴的”,有主动意义。

a.We are delighted that the production plan has been fulfilled

ahead of schedule.

b.It was a delightful concert.

(26)dead,deadly

dead 表示“死了的、枯败的、失灵的”:be dead to(对?无感觉、

对?无反应);deadly 意为“致命的、极度的、死气沉沉的”。

a.He has been dead for three years.

b.This drug is a deadly poison.

(27)credible,creditable,credulous

credible 意为“可信的”,含有被动意义;creditable 意为“值得

赞扬的、带来荣誉的”;credulous 意为“轻易相信的”,含有被动意义。

My son makes very creditable grades in school.

(28)electric,electrical,electronic

electric 意为“电的、由电操纵或由电产生的”:an electric

fan/lamp/bell/stove/wave/current 等等;electrical 意为“与电有关

的”:an electrical engineer;electronic 意为“电子的”。

He is an electrical worker.

(29)contemptible,contemptuous

contemptible 意为“可鄙的、被人看不起的”,含有被动意义;

con-temptuous 意为“看不起人的、傲慢的”,含有主动意义。

A traitor to his own country is contemptible.

(30)considerable,considerate

considerable 意为“值得考虑的、相当多的、相当大的”;considerate

意为“替别人考虑的、体谅的”:be considerate of others(体谅别

人的)。

He has a considerable amount of trouble.

(31)live,living,alive,lively

live,living 和alive 都可表示“活的”,但它们的功能和用法有

区别:live 一般用作定语,用来指动物,a live fish(一条活鱼),它

指人时表示“充满生机的”;alive 只作表语,作定语时必须后置;living

既可作定语,也可作表语,既可指人,也可指物;lively 意为“活跃的、

敏锐的”。

a . The dock is lively with cranes and vehicles of all

descriptions.

b.He is a live young man.

(32)luxurious,luxuriant

luxurious 意为“豪华的、奢侈的”:a luxurious liner(豪华的

班轮);luxuriant 意为“茂密的、肥沃的、华丽的”:luxuriant soil

(沃土)。

Luxuriant forests cover the hills.

(33)practical,practicable

practical 意为“现实的、实际的”:for all practical purpose

(实际上);practicable 意为“可行的、行得通的”。

a.This road is practicable for automobiles.

b.We must set an example in being practical.

(34)respecting,respective

respecting 是介词,意为“关于、有关、由于”;respective 是形

容词,意为“各自的、各个的”。

a . Respecting these facts , a special committee is to be

appointed.

b.We go back to our respective dormitories after work.

(35)responsible,responsive

responsible 意为“有责任的”:be responsible for(对?负责);

re-sponsive 意为“响应的、回答的”。它们的反义词irresponsible

和 irresponsive 也有同样的区别。

The pilot of the plane is responsible for the passengers'

safety.

(36)poor,poorly

poor 意为“贫穷的、坏的、可怜的”,指身体时只用作定语:as poot

as a church mouse(一贫如洗);poorly 只用作表语,意为“身体不好、

健康欠佳的”:poorly off(贫困的、没钱的),think poorly of(对?

评价低、低估)。

He is looking very poorly.

(37)alone,lone,lonely

alone 作表语时仅指人,意为“孤单一人”:leave alone(不管、

不理会),let alone(不干涉、不管、不碰、更不用说); lone 只可

作定语,既可指人,也可指物,意为“孤零零的一个”;lonely 既可作

表语,也可作定语,可指人,也可指物,意为“孤单的、寂寞的、荒凉

的”。

I'm not alone in this opinion.

(38)desirable,desirous

desirable 意为“称心的、合意的、可取的”;desirous 意为“想

要的、渴望的”,仅用作表语:be desirous to do sth./of doing sth.(想

干某事),be desirous of sth.(想得到某物)。

She is desirous of being famous.

(39)pleasant,pleased

pleasant 意为“令人愉快的、舒适的”,既可指人,也可指物,含

有主动意义:be pleasant to the eye(悦目),be pleasant to the taste

(可口);pleased 意为“高兴的、满意的”,具有被动意义:be pleased

with/at(对?感到高兴或满意)。

a.I'm pleased to meet you.

b.We are much pleased at the news.

c.We are very pleased with his word.

(40)favourable,favoured,favourite

favourable 意为“赞成的、有利的、讨人喜欢的”:a favourable

com-ment(好评),a favourable situation(有利形势),make a

favourable im-pression on sb.(给某人以好的印象);favoured 意

为“受到优待的、有天赋的、优待的、(常用于构词)有?容貌的”:

favoured rates of credit(优惠的贷款率),ill-favoured(容貌难

看的);favourite 意为“特别喜爱的”。

a.He is favourable to our plan.

b.She is my favourite English teacher.

(41)consecutive,successive

consecutive 表示“连续的”,中间没有间断;successive 意为“一

连多次的、一个接一个的”,表示一系列分散事件的连续,但事件与事

件之间有间断。

a.The numbers 4,5,6 are consecutive.

b.The United States won gold medals in two successive Olympic

Games.

(42)all,both,whole

all 一般指“三个或三个以上都?”,但习惯用语 be all ears(倾

听),be all eyes(聚精会神地看),be all legs(人长得过高而细

瘦)中的all 不能用both 代替;both 指“两个都?”;whole 指“整个

的、全体的”,可以用a whole city/country/school,但 whole 不可

修饰专有名词,不能说 the whole Shanghai,而应用 the whole of

Shanghai。 whole 不可放在复数可数名词前,如不能说my whole books

而应说all my books 或all of my books。

a.Not all the idioms are illustrated.

b.Both windows are not open.

c.Thee dish is still whole for all the shocks.

(43)fond,glad

be fond of 表示一种习惯的爱好;be glad to 表示一时的爱好。

I'll be glad to see you tomorrow.

(44)contemporary,contemporaneous

contemporary 意为“同时代的”,既可用于人,也可用于物;

con-temporaneous 意为“同时代的”,只能用于事物。

a.Thomas Jefferson was contemporary with John Adams.

b . The lives of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were

contempora-neous.

(45)hard,hardy

hard 意为“艰苦的”:be hard on/upon sb.(过分严厉地对待某

人),be hard up for(短缺、急需),go hard with sb.(使人为难

或痛苦);hardy 意为“耐劳的、能吃苦的”。

The country is falling on harder and harder times.

(46)medical,medicinal

medical 意为“医学的、医疗的”:a medical college(医学院),

medical and healthy work(医疗卫生工作);medicinal 意为“药用的、

有益健康的”:medicinal preparations(药剂、药膏),Chinese medicinal

herbs(中草药)。

(47)militant,military

militant 意为“战斗的、好斗的”:a militant call(战斗号召);

mili-tary 意为“军事的、军用的、军人的”:military training(军

事训练),military affairs(军事、军务),military ranks(军阶、

军衔)。

(48)momentary,momentous

momentary 意为“短暂的、瞬息间的”:not rely on momentary

en-thusiasm(不凭一时的热情); momentous 意为“重要的、重大的”:

a momentous decision(重要的决定)。

(49)perceptible,perceptive

perceptible 意为“感觉或察觉得到的、可以理解或认识的”,含有

被动意义:a perceptible smell of paint(感觉得到的油漆气味);

percep-tive 意为“敏感的、有理解力或洞察力的”,表示主动意义:a good

per-ceptive article(一篇富于洞察力的好文章)。

(50)potent,potential

potent 意为“有力的、有效力的”:potent reason(使人信服的理

由);potential 意为“潜在的、有可能的”:potential resources(潜

在的资源),the potential demand of the market(市场上可能达到

的需求量)。

(51)possible,probable

possible 和probable 都表示“可能的”,但后者表示的可能性更大

些。

(52)prodigal,prodigious

prodigal 意为“浪费的、不吝惜的”:be prodigal of praise(赞

不绝口);prodigious 意为“巨大的、庞大的;异常的、惊人的”:a

prodigious view(奇异的景象)。

(53)disinterested,uninterested

disinterested 意为“不自私的、公正的”;uninterested 意为“不

感兴趣的”:be uninterested in sth.(对?不感兴趣)。

(54)eatable,edible

eatable 意为“(做成食物可以令人满意地)食用的”;edible 意

为“可食用的、可以吃的”,它通常跟同类的有毒品相区别。

(55)effective,effectual,efficient

effective 意为“有效的;有力的、有深刻印象的;实际的”:an

effective speech(打动听众的讲演),the number of effective members

(实际成员人数);effectual 意为“奏效的、有效的”,不能指人:

aneffectual remedy(奏效的治疗);efficient 意为“有能力的、能胜

任的”,常用来指人:an efficient secretary(有能力的秘书)。

(56)official,officious

official 意为“公务的、官方的”:an official title(官衔);

officious 意为“好管闲事的;非官方的、非正式的”:an officious

statement(非正式声明)。

(57)eminent,imminent

eminent 指人,意为“杰出的、重要的”;imminent 指物,意为“迫

切的、即将发生的(尤其指危险事件)”。

(58)gold,golden

gold 意为“金的、金制的”:a gold watch(金表);golden 意为

“金色的、贵重的”:a golden saying(金玉良言)。

(59)judicial,judicious

judicial 意为“司法的、法官的;judicious 意为“明智的、明断

的”。

(60)industrial,industrious

industrial 意为“工业的”;industrious 意为“勤奋的”。

(61)imflammable,imflammatory

imflammable 意为“易燃的、易激动的”;imflammatory 意为“刺

激的、煽动性的”。

(62)intolerant,intolerable

intolerant 意为“不耐?、不容?的”,表示主动意义:be intolerant

of sth.(不耐?、忍不住?、受不住?),a plant intolerant of direct

sun-light(不耐阳光直接照射的植物);intolerable 意为“不能容忍

的、无法忍受的”,表示被动意义:be intolerable to sb.(对某人

来说是不能容忍的)。

(63)ingenious,ingenuous

ingenious 意为“有独创性的、聪明的”;ingenuous 意为“天真的、

朴实的”。

(64)masterly,masterful

masterly 意为“熟练的、称得上能手的”;maserful 意为“盛气凌

人的、专横的”。

(65)exceptional,exceptionable

exceptional 意为“少有的、不寻常的、罕见的”:exceptional

circum-stances(特殊情况);exceptionable 意为“可反对的、可抗议

的”。

(66)spiritual,spirituous

spiritual 意为“精神上的、神圣的”;spirituous 意为“含酒精

的”。

(67)tortuous,torturous

tortuous 意为“弯弯曲曲的”;torturous 意为“折磨的、使人痛

苦的”。

(68)regrettable,regretful

regrettable 意为“令人遗憾的”,表示被动;regretful 意为“遗

憾的、懊悔的”,表示主动。

(69)honorary,honorable

honorary 意为“荣誉的”;honorable 意为“光荣的、高尚的”。

(70)fragrant,flagrant

fragrant 意为“芬芳的、香的”;flagrant 意为“恬不知耻的”。

(71)seasonal,seasonable

seasonal 意为“季节的、季节性的”;scasonable 意为“合时令的、

及时的、合时宜的”。

(72)sulky,sullen

sulky 意为“生闷气的”,用来指人;sullen 意为“闷闷不乐的、

阴沉沉的”,它既可指人,也可指物。

(73)stylish,stylistic

stylish 意为“时髦的、雅致的”;stylistic 意为“文体的、风格

上的”。

(74)sleepy,asleep

sleepy 既可作表语,也可作定语,作表语时意为“想睡觉的、困的”,

作定语时意为“宁静的、没有生气的”;asleep 仅用作表语,意为“睡

着了”。

(75)contagious,infectious

contagious 指“(经接触)传染的”;infectious 指“(不经接触、

通过媒介)传染的”。

(76)beautiful,handsome,pretty,good-looking

这四个同都是指人的美貌,但用法不尽相同:beautiful 仅指女性美;

handsome 指男性英俊,用来指女子时表示长相一般,但很健壮,富于男

子气概;pretty 仅指女性美;good-looking 既可指女性美,也可指男性

美。

(77)lazy,idle

lazy 含贬义,只可指人,意为“懒”;idle 既可指人,也可指物,

意为“闲着、没事干”。

(78)ancient,antique

ancient 用来形容时代、钱币、文明等,意为“古代的”;antique 意

为“古代的”,用来形容家具,收藏的古董或古玩等。

(79)manly,manish

manly 常含褒义,意为“男子汉的”,表示具有男子汉的品质和长处,

如忠诚、勇敢等;manish 常含贬义,意为“男人似的(女人)”。

(80)high,tall

high 指“高出地面的距离”;tall 指“某物或某人从顶部或头部到

底部或脚的距离”。

(81)temporal,temporary

temporal 意为“世间的、现实的”;temporary 意为“暂时的、临

时的”。

(82)childish,childlike

childish 意为“孩子气的、幼稚的”,它指小孩们那些令人不快或

不受喜爱的特性;childlike 意为“天真无邪的”,它指小孩那些令人愉

快或受人喜爱的特性。

(83)healthy,well

healthy 指长久的健康,不能用于身体一时的好转;well 指一时的

健康。

(84)talkative,eloquent

talkative 意为“多嘴的”,常含贬义; eloquent 意为“有口才的、

雄辩的”,常含褒义。

(85)afloat,floating

afloat 意为“浮着的”,用作表语;floating 意为“浮动的”,用

作定语。

(86)comical,comic

comical 意为“好笑的”;comic 意为“喜剧的”。

(87)eligible,applicable

eligible 意为“合格的”:be eligible for(合格);applicable

意为“可适用的”。

2.反义形容词

(1)apt,inapt

inapt 不是apt 的反义词。apt 意为“聪明的、易于?的、有?倾向

的”:be apt to do sth.(善于做?、易于做?),be apt at sth.(善

于?);inapt 意为“不适合的、不熟练的”:be inapt for(对?不合

适的),be inapt at sth.(对?不熟练)。

a.Food is apt to deteriorate in summer.

b.This is an inapt remark.

(2)different,indifferent

indifferent 不是different 的反义词。different 意为“差异的、

不同的”;be different from/than/to(与?不同);indifferent 意

为“冷淡的、满不在乎的”:be indifferent to sth.(对?不关心或

不在乎)。

a.A department store sells many different things.

b.He was indifferent to all our appeals to help.

(3)easy,uneasy

uneasy 不是easy 的反义词。easy 意为“容易的”;uneasy 意为“不

安的”。

a.He is easy of access.

b.I feel uneasy about my homework.

(4)famous,infamous

infamous 不是famous 的反义词。famous 意为“著名的”:be fa-mous

for(以?而著名);infamous 意为“臭名昭著的、无耻的”。

a.A great crowd of people greeted the famous hero.

b.He is an infamous political swindler.

(5)flammable,inflammable

inflammable 不是flammable 的反义词。它们是同义词,都是“易燃

的”之意。

a.Cotton is flammable.

b.Petroleum—Highly Inflammable.(石油——极易着火。)

(6)just

just 的反义词unjust,而justice 反义词却是injustice。

(7)lawful

lawful 的反义词是unlawful,但以l 开头的形容词变为反义词时,

常加il,如:laudable—illaudable(不值得赞美的),legal—illegal

( 不合法的), legible — illegibe(不易读的),legitimate —

illegitimate(不合法的),liberal—illiberal(不自由的),licit—

illicit(不合法的),lim -itable—illimitable(无限制的),

literate—illiterate(没有文化的),logi-cal-illogical(不合逻

辑的)。

(8)reliable

reliable 的反义词unreliable(不可靠的)。以r 开头的形容词,

其反义词加ir 的有:redeemable—irredeemable(不能赎回的),

rational—irrational(无理的),reconcilable—irreconcilable(难

和解的),recover-able—irrecoverable(不能恢复的),reducible

-irreducible(不能降低或化简的),refutable—irrefutable(驳不

倒的),regular—irregular(不规则的),religious—irreligious

(无宗教或不敬神的),remediable—irreme-diable(无法挽回的),

replaceable — irreplaceable ( 无法替代的) , reproach-able —

irreproachable(无可指责的),resistible—irresistible(不可抵

制的), resolute — irresolute ( 犹豫不决的), responsible —

irresponsible(不负责任的),retrievable—irretrievable(无法恢

复的),reparable—ir-reparable(不能恢复的)。

也有以r 开头的形容同,其反义词加un,如:real—unreal(不真

实的), reasoning — unreasoning(不凭理智的),reasonable —

unreasonable(不讲道理的),relenting—unrelenting(冷酷无情的),

relieved—unre-lieved(未被减轻的),reserved—unreserved(无保

留的),restrainted—unrestrainted(不受拘束的),readable—

unreadable(不能读的),ready—unready(没有准备的),realistic—

unrealistic(不现实的)。

(9)respective,irrespective

irrespective 不是 respective 的反义词。respective 意为“各自

的、各个的”;irrespective 意为“不顾的、不论的”:irrespective of

(不顾?、不管?)。

a.The couple are each going to visit respective mothers.

b.We send information every week,irrespective of whether it's

use-ful or not.

(10)sensible,insensible

insensible 不是sensible 的反义词。sensible 意为“可感觉的、

明智的”;insensible 意为“昏迷的、不知的”。

a.That seems to be a sensible idea.

b.He is still insensible after the blow on the head.

(11)valuable,invaluable

invaluable 不是 valuable 的反义词。valuable 意为“有价值的”;

in-valuable 意为“非常有价值的、珍贵的”。

a.It's a valuable discovery.

b.The thieves has stolen an invaluable painting.

§10.2 使用形容词时应注意的问题

1.以ly 结尾的形容词

(1)某些表示时间的形容词,这类形容词一般由表示时间的名词加

-ly 构成,常见的有:biweekly(两周一次的),bimonthly(两月一次

的或一月两次的),biyearly(两年一次的或一年两次的),daily(每

天的),early(早的),hourly(每小时的),nightly(每晚的),

weekly(每周的),yearly(每年的),quarterly(每季度的),timely

(及时的),untimely(不合时宜的),termly(定期的)。

a.Nightly visits are made by the house physicians.

b.We hope for an early production of the play.

(2)某些表示人的形容词

这类形容词一般由表示人的名词加-ly 构成,常见的有:manly(男

子气的),unmanly(无男子气的),womanly(象女人的),unwoman-ly

(不象女人的),wifely(妻子般的),husbandly(丈夫般的),motherly

(母亲般的),fatherly(父亲般的),sisterly(姊妹般的),brotherly

(兄弟般的),sonly(儿子般的),daughterly(女儿般的),cousinly

(表兄般的),childly(孩子般的),neighbourly(邻居般的),comradely

(同志式的),lordly(贵族似的),princely(君王似的),scholarly

(学者派头的)。

a.She gave the little boy a motherly smile.

b .We always encourage them to live in genuine brotherly

relations with the local people.

(3)表示天、地、方位的形容词,这类形容词也常由相应的名

词加-ly 构成,常见的有:heavenly(天的),earthly(大地的、

世俗的),unearthly(非人间的),worldly(凡俗的),easterly(东

方的、向东的),eastwardly(向东的),southerly(南方的、向南的),

southwardly(向南的),southeasterly(向东南的、自东南的),

southwesterly(向西南的、自西南的),westerly(西方的、向西方的),

westwardly(向西的),northerly(北方的、向北的),northwardly

(向北的),northwesterly(向西北的、自西北的)。

(4)其他由名词加-ly 构成的形容词:homely(不漂亮的、朴实的),

portly(肥胖的、粗壮的),friendly(友好的),unfriendly(不友

好的),wily(诡计多端的),cowardly(胆小的),miserly(吝啬的),

niggardly(小气地),beastly(讨厌的),bastardly(私生的、卑鄙

的),orderly(整齐的),disorderly(不整齐的),chilly(凉的),

deathly(死一般的),mannerly(有礼貌的),unmannerly(无礼貌的),

masterly(巧妙的、熟练的),rascally(流氓的),shapely(怡人的),

sightly(悦目的),shingly(多小卵石的),oily(多油的),wooly

(毛的),unsight-ly(难受的),stately(堂皇的、威严的),ungainly

(笨拙的),prickly(多刺的),boodily(肉体的),bubbly(多泡

的),ghastly(可怕的),godly(敬神的),ungodly(不信神的),

ghostly(鬼一般的)。

a.The cowardly man ran away when he was attacked.

b.He was disliked because of his unmannerly behavior.

(5)由形容词加-ly 构成的形容词,常见的有:likely(可能的、

合适的),unlikely(不可能的、不合适的),deadly(致命的),lively

(活泼的),goodly(相当大的),lowly(卑鄙的),lonely(寂寞的、

孤单的),kindly(亲切的),sickly(有病的),elderly(较年长的),

cleanly(干净的),poorly(身体不舒服的)。注意它们与原形容词的

区别:

①like,likely

like 意为“相象的、相同的、同类的”;likely 意为“很可能的、

有希望的、恰当的”:as like/likely as not(很可能)。

a.The two buildings are very like.

b.The picture is not at all like.

c.What is the likeliest time to find him in his office.

d.Take a coat along;it's likely to be cold down there.

②unlike,unlikely

unlike 意为“不同的、不相似的”;unlikely 意为“不可能的”。

a.The two cases are quite unlike.

b.Plants raised in hot houses are unlikely to be sturdy.

③dead,deadly

dead 意为“死了的、无动静的”;deadly 意为“致命的、非常的、

极度的”。

a.He has been dead three years.

b.His face turned pale when he knew he had eaten the deadly

drug.

④live,lively

live 意为“活的、精力充沛的”,常用作定语;lively 意为“活泼

的、充满生气的”。

a.He caught a lot of live fish in the river last afternoon.

b.Young children are usually lively.

⑤good,goodly

good 意为“好的、有益的”;goodly 意为“漂亮的、讨人喜欢的、

相当大的”。

a . We had a good time together watching the display of

fireworks.

b.Participation is collective productive labour in good for

ideological remoulding.

c.There is a goodly crowd.

⑥low,lowly

low 意为“浅的、低的、不足的”;lowly 意为“谦逊的,卑贱的”。

a.My English teacher has a low opinion of me.

b.Abraham Lincoln was not ashamed of his lowly origin.

⑦lone,lonely

lone 意为“孤单的”,常作定语,可指人也可指物;lonely 意为“孤

单的、寂寞的”,可作定语,也可作表语。

a.I arrived at Shanghai airport after a lone flight.

b.Suddenly I felt lonely and empty.

⑧kind,kindly

kind 和kindly 同义,都当“仁慈的、亲切的”解,但kindly 还可

以指物,如气候等宜人、温和,而kind 不可。

a.It's very kind of you to repair the lathe for us.

b.The climate here is very kindly.

⑨sick,sickly

sick 和sickly 都作“有病的”解,一般sick 用作表语,sickly 用

作定语。

a.He has been sick with influenza for three weeks

b.The sickly child missed many days of school

⑩elder,clderly

elder 意为“年龄较大的;资格老的”;elderly 则指“上了年纪的、

中年以上的”。

a.He is my elder brother.

b.The major is an elderly man.

(11)clean,cleanly

clean 和cleanly 同义,意为“清洁的”。

a.Please give me a clean/cleanly sheet of paper.

b.It was a clean/cleanly house.

(12)poor,poorly

poor 意为“贫穷的、不幸的、不好的”;poorly 意为“身体不舒服

的、不健康的”,只可用作表语。

a.We have made high-quality products with poor equipment.

b.He is looing very poorly.

(6)其他以-ly 结尾的形容词,常见的有:ugly(丑的),comely

(漂亮的),melancholy(忧郁的),silly(愚蠢的),unruly(不守

规矩的),burly(魁梧的),costly(昂贵的),curly(卷曲的),

crumbly(易碎的),grisly(可怕的),only(唯一的),bally(异

常的),seemly(合适的),unseemly(不合适的),holy(神的、神

圣的),unholy(不信神的)。

2.常用作定语的形容词

(1)许多以-er 结尾的形容词都是定语形容词,如elder,former,

inner,outer,upper,utter,later 等。

a.She is my elder daughter.

b.We can settle the problem in the former case.

(2)许多以-or,-en 结尾的形容词为定语形容词,如maiden(少

女的),drunken(酒醉的),sunken(沉没的),sullen(闷闷不乐的),

golden,wooden,earthen,oaken,woolen,major(主要的),minor

(少数的)等。

a.He is a drunken sot.

b.We have settled the major problems in our study.

(3)表示方向和位置的形容词,如eastern,easterly,southern,

southerly,western,westerly,northern,northerly,middle,fore

(前面的),offside(越位的),offstreet(离开街道的),offpeak

(非高峰的),outboard(船外的),outdoor(户外的),advance(先

头的),outgoing(向外的、退出的),underground(地下的)等。

a.Your seat is in the fore part of the aircraft.

b.There was an outgoing tide.

(4)表示数量的形容词,如mere(仅有的),only(唯一的),sole

(唯一的),every(每个的),everyday(每天的),few(一些),

many(很多)等。

a.There are two sides to every question.

b.Do you know some people in the town?

(5)由连字符连接的形容词,如wild-cat(不切实际的、盲目的),

whole-hearted(全心全意的),would-be(自称的、冒充的),in-service

(在职期间的)。

a.It was a wild-cat scheme.

b.He was a would-be author.

 第十章:形容词和副词(1) 第十章:形容词和副词(2) 第十章:形容词和副词(3)

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