博硕英音英语语法 2009-09-09 06:31:22 阅读262 评论0 字号:大中小
第一章 名词
§1.1 名词复数形式的构成
1.以s、x、z、ch、sh 结尾的名词的复数形式
误:The branchs of the trees are waving to and fro.
正:branches
当单数可数名词的词尾是s、x、z、ch、sh 时,变为复数应加
- es : ass — asses , glass — glasses , inch -inches,brushbrushes,
bench- benches,branch-branches,adz-adzes,quizquizzes
。
a.Twelve inches makes on
b.There are many classes in the college.
c.Foxes are cunning animals.
d.Her work is to wash up dishes.
e.The students have many quizzes in a term.
(1)quiz 变成复数时双写z 再加-es,是一个特别的例子。
(2)当ch 发音为[k]时,则变复数时仅加-s:monarch—monarchs,
stomach-stomachs。
In old times there were many monarchs in Europe.
2.以o 结尾的名词的复数形式
误:Heros are worshipped by people everywhere even in small
is- land.
正:Heroes
误:In spring,we hear cuckooes singing in the forest.
正:cuckoos
若单数名词的词尾为o,-o 前为元音字母时加-s,以-o 结尾的外
来词加-s,有的加-s 或-es 均可,其中绝大部分直接加-s,这点与
传统观点不同。
(1)加-es 的仅是有限的几个名词:antihero,bastinado,buffalo,
dingo,echo,embargo,farrago,go,gusto,hero,jingo,lingo,
Negro,potato,tomato,torpedo,veto。
(2)既可加-s,也可加-es 的名词:cargo,halo,commando,
memento,mosquito,no,tornado,tobacco,volcano,zero。
(3)剩下的单词,在我们学习的范围内,均加-s:bamboo,solo,
cuckoo,curio,embryo,two,disco,piano 等。
在应付各类中高级考试时,只须掌握(1),(2)中的单词就行了,
注意(1)中单词的复数形式必须加-es。
(4)以-o 结尾的名词变为复数时有几条规律可循:
①以元音加-o 结尾的名词变为复数时一律加-s。
②以-o 结尾的缩略词变为复数时一律加-s:photo(photograph),
kilo(kilogram),auto(automobile)等。
(5)buffalo 变为复数时既可加-es,也可与单数同形。 pimento
变为复数时既可加-s,也可与单数同形。
(6)有的以-o 结尾的单词变为复数时,既可以加-s,也可以把o
变为i,这类词有:cello(celles,celli),concerto(concertos,
concerti),dev - ertimento( devertimentos,devertimenti),
fortissimo(fortissimos,fortissimi),glissando(glissandos,
glissandi),intermezzo(intermezzos,inter- mezzi),libretto
(librettos,libretti),maestro(maestros,maestri),obbligato
(obbligatos,obbligati),pianissimo(pianissimos,pianissimi),
pizzicato (pizzicatos,pizzicati),potto(pottos,potti),scherzo
(scherzos,scherzi),sforzando(sforzandos,sforzandi),solo
(solos,soli),tempo(tempos,tempi),virtuoso(virtuosos,
virtuosi)。
a.We have a cluster of bambooks in the garden.
b.There are many active volcanoes in Japan.
c.I like eating tomatoes,potatoes,and mangoes.
3.以f、fe 结尾的名词的复数形式
误:The maple leafs turn red in autumn.
正:leaves
误:I bought two dozen golves.
正:golfs
大多数以f 或fe 结尾的名词变为复数时,直接加-s,但也有一部
分须把f 或fe 改为-ves,总结如下:
(1)须把f 或fe 改为ves 的共有16 个:behalf,calf,elf,half,
knife,bowie knife,life,loaf,leaf,midwife,self,sheaf,
shelf,thief,wife,wolf。
(2)既可直接加-s,也可把f 或fe 改为ves 的共10 个,它们是
beef,dwarf,hoof,handkerchief,oaf,kerchief,scarf,staff,
turf,wharf。
(3)在我们涉及的单词范围内,其余均直接加-s:belief,brief,
cliff,disbelief,disproof,grief,gulf,golf,niff,proof,relief,
riff,reef,strife,tariff,waif。
注意以下几点:
①calf,chaff,cuff,gaff,muff,loaf,ruff,scoff,reef,
relief 等各有两个意思,其变复数方法相同。
②beef 表示“不平、牢骚、诉苦、告发”时,复数形式只用beefs;
表示“养肥了的牛”时,beef 的复数形式用beeves;表示“牛肉”时,
beef 一般是不可数名词。
③staff 表示“全体职员、路牌、五线谱”时,复数形式为staffs;
表示“棍、柄、支柱”时,复数形式为staves。
a.Two halves make up the whole.
b.I bought two dozen handkerchiefs/handkerchieves.
c.The mountain is abounding in cliffs.
e.I saw many beautiful scarfs in a show-window.
4.以y 结尾的名词的复数形式
误:I told the children many storys about fairies.
正:stories
当单数可数名词的词尾为y 时,而y 前为辅音,须把y 改为i,再加
-es:baby-babies,city—cities,fly-flies,lady—ladies;当y
前为元音时,直接加-s:day-days,key-keys,boy-boys。
假使词尾为quy,变复数时,须先把y 改为i,然后再加-es,因为
qu 的发音为[kw]:colloquy-colloquies,soliloquy-soliloquies。
a.He killed seven flies at a blow.
b.The keys are tied together.
5.不规则变化
误:The farmer plowed his field with a yoke of oxes.
正:oxen
误:Sheeps are useful animals.
正:Sheep
(1)有些名词从单数变为复数时,并不按普通规则加-s:
child-children,foot-feet,goose-geese,louse-lice,man
-men,mouse-mice,ox-oxen,tooth-teeth,woman-women。
a.Mothers love their children.
b.Mice have sharp teeth.
c.The geese are eating grass.
(2)名词中有些是单复数相同:fish,deer,swine,salmon,trout,
corps,series,species 等的单复数形式相同。fish 还有fishes 的复
数形式,但意思不同,它指各种鱼类。
a.A shepherd tends his sheep.
b.We saw many beautiful deer in the zoological garden.
c.I caught several trout the other day.
(3)还有一些外来语的变化,我们必须记住:
①拉丁语:alumna-alumnae,alumnus—alumni,apparatus-appa
- ratus or apparatuses,appendix-appendices or appendixes,axis
- axes , bacterium - bacteria , curriculum — curricula or
curriculums,datum—da
formula—formulae or formulas,index(指数)-indices,index(索
引)-indexes,memorandum—memoran- da or memorandums,radius—
radii or radiuses,series-series,species- species。
②希腊语:analysis—analyses,basis-bases,crisis-crises,
criteri- on-criteria or criterions,hypothesis-hypotheses,
phenomenon—phenom- ena,synopsis-synopses,thesis-theses。
③法语:beau-beaux or beaus,bureau—bureaux or bureaus,
corp- s-corps。
a.We searched the indexes in the library for the title of the
book.
b.The synopses of the plays were well written.
c.The curriculums of that college are well adapted to the needs
of so- ciety.
d.The solar eclipse is a strange phenomenon.
6.单复数同形的名词
误:The total labor force in the United States numbered
more than on
正:people
误:Ten Lebaneses were killed in the air-attack.
正:Ten Lebanese
英语中有少数名词单复数同形,它们主要出现在以下几个方面:
(1)表示鱼类及其他某些动物的名词。
鱼类:fish,plaice(鲽),flounder(比目鱼),herring(鲱鱼),
skate (鳐),sardine(沙丁鱼),salmon(大麻哈鱼),roach(斜
齿鳊),dace (雅罗鱼),cod(鳕),mackerel(鲐鱼),halibut(大
比目鱼),hake (狗鳕),haddock(黑线鳕),perch(河鲈),bass
(鲈鱼),carp(鲤鱼),pike(狗鱼),trout(鳟鱼)等等。
①fish 表示多种鱼时加-es。试比较:
a.There are a lot of fish in the pond.池塘里有许多鱼。
b.There are a lot of fishes in the pond.池塘里有多种鱼。
②flounder,herring,skate,sardine 可用作复数,也可加-s 表
示复数,用后者的情况更多一些。另外,packed like sardines 是习惯
用语,不可把sardines 改为sardine。
其他动物:sheep(羊),swine(猪),bison(野牛),deer(鹿),
reindeer(驯鹿),elk(麋鹿),moose(驼鹿),grouse(松鸡),
snipe (沙锥鸟),woodcock(山鹬),antelope(羚羊),buffalo(水
牛),crab (蟹),duck(鸭子)等等。duck 指“家鸭”时,其复数形
式为ducks,指“野鸭”时,复数形式仍用duck。
a.These fish belong to her.
b.The hunter shot five grouse.
(2)某些表示人的名词。
①以-ese 结尾的表示民族的名词:Chinese,Japanese,Vietnamese,
Lebanese,Portuguese,Maltese,Burmese,Ceylonese 等等。Swiss 也
是单复数同形。
②其他某些表示人的名词:offspring(后代),counsel(律师),
kin (家属),folk(人们),vermin(歹徒)等等。 offspring 的复
数有时也用offsprings。
a.Three Chinese and two Japanese took part in the race.
b.He is the offspring of a genius and a ballet dancer.
c.Are counsel ready?
d.They were determined to wipe out the imperialists and their
ver- min.
(3)某些表示单位的名词位于数词或其他表示数量的词之后,通常
是单复数同形。常见的有:hundred,thousand,million,score,dozen,
gross,stone,ton,brace,yoke,head 等等。
a.The peasant killed many thousand insects with insecticide.
b.That iron and steel plant uses 10000 ton of coal a month.
①hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen 等表示不确切的
数字或用于习语中,其复数形式均须加-s。
a.The applications are arriving in hundreds.
b.Thousands upon thousands of tourists visit Beijing every
year.
c.I plan to buy dozens of reference books.
d.The engineer has done the experiment scores of times.
②score 表示“成绩或分数”,stone 表示“石头”,head 表示“脑
袋”时,它们的复数均须加-s。
dozen,hundred,thousand,mollion,billion 等词前有不定冠词、
数词或 many,several 等词时,它们的词尾都不加s,后面也不用介词,
直接修饰名同。但如后面跟的是代词,则在代词前应有of,如five
thousand of them。前面没有数词、不定冠词等词时,一般即用复数形
式表示“几”的意思,后面不能直接跟名词,而只能跟由介词of 组成的
短语。
a.Dozens were killed in the accident.
b.Millions of people were killed in the war.
c.I've seen it dozens of times.
d.Some hundreds of people live here.几百人住在此地。
e.Some hundred of people live here.约一百人住在此地。
(4)表示单位的名词pound,foot 常有复数形式pounds 和feet,
但有时可用单数形式代替复数形式,当它们后面有数词时,尤其如此:
a.George is tall——he's six foot two.(six feet two inches)
b.They have got six pound.
(5)从汉语中音译过去的表示度量衡单位的名词都是单数和复数同
形。常用的这类词有:yuan(元),jiao(角),fen(分),mu (亩),
zhang(丈),chi(尺),cun(寸),li(里)等等。
I bought a pressure cooker for 48 yuan.
(6)有些名词词尾有-s,即表示单数,也表示复数,如:headquar
- ters,works,gallows,links,innings。
a.A headquarters was established near the town.
b.Their headquarters are in Paris.
(7)数词加表示度量、数量、单位、时间等的名词作定语时,这些
名词一律用单数形式。
a.Let's have a five-minute rest.
b.He sat for a two-hour examination.
c.I spent a ten-pound note today.
(8)其他常用的单复数同形的名词有:
①与军事有关的:aircraft,craft,cannon,hovercraft,foot(步
兵),horse(骑兵),sail(船)。
②极少数来自法语的外来语:chamois,corps,precis(梗概),
faux pas(失礼、失言)。
③其他:chassis(车架、底架),bob(美元或先令),biceps(二
头肌),series(系列),species(物种)。
a.The navy has on
b.The harbour was full of all of craft.
c.Tom had on
d.There are over 200 species of fish.
7.复合名词的复数形式
误: There were many looker -on
accident.
正:lookers-on
(1)一般是最后一词变为复数形式:boy-friend—boy-friends,
travel agent-travel agents, greenhouse - greenhouses ,maidservant-
maid-servants。
(2)有时两部分都变为复数:man driver-men drivers,man-ser
- vant-men-servants,woman driver-women drivers。
(3)由动词+er 构成的复合名词,其复数形为在er 后加-s:film
- goer—film-goers,passer-by-passers-by,commander—inchief-
comman- ders-in-chief,looker-on—lookers-on,runner
- up - runners - up , editor - in- chief-editors-in-chief,
hanger-on-hangers-on。
(4)主体名词变为复数:son-in-law-sons-in-law,man-of
-war- men-of-war,comrade-in-arms-comrades-in-arms。
(5)由开头字母组成的词直接加-s:VIP-VIPs(very imp
persons),MP-MPs(members of parliament),UFO-UFOs(unidentified
flying objects)
a.There are two men-of-war on the sea.
b.She has many maid-servants.
c.A dog barked at the passers-by.
d.In the race,Mr.Chang was the first and Mr.Wang was the
runner- up.
e.In the race,Mr.Chang was the winner,the runners-up were
as follows:Mr.Wang,second place,Mr.King,third place.
①man-servant 的复数形式为men-servants。
The lord kept many men-servants in his manor house.
②go-between(中间人)和 forget-me-not(勿忘草)虽然是复
合名词,它们的复数形式般在词尾加-s。
a.She made a bunch of forget-me-nots.
b.The go-betweens played him a mean trick.
③hogshead(大桶)很象复数却是单数名词,它的复数是hogsheads。
They bought two hogsheads of wine.
8.名词作定语或与另一名词构成复合名词时的复数情况
(1)名词作定语
误:The custom inspector called me over and asked me a
lot of questions.
正:The customs inspector
一般说来,名词作定语时使用单数形式,如a shop assistant,但
有些名词必须用复数形式,常见的有:①armaments industry(兵器工
业);②arms s ales(军火销售),arms control(军备控制),arms race/
competition(军备竞赛),arms talks/negotiations(军备谈判),
注意armshop(兵工厂)中arm 后不加-s,arm 意为“手臂”时,作定
语或构成复合名词时都只可用单数形式,如armband(臂章),armhole
(袖孔),armchair(扶手椅);③me customs house(海关),customs
tariff (关税率),customs duties/dues(关税),customs officer
(海关官员),customs inspector(海关检查员),customs entry(进
口报关),customs formalities(海关手续),customs detention(海
关扣留),customs inspection (海关检查),customs shed(海关仓
库);④clothes shop(售衣店),clothes line(晒衣绳),clothes
tree(衣帽架),clothes brush(洗衣刷);⑤a greet- ings card
(祝贺卡),a greetings telephone(祝贺电话),a greetings tele
- gram(贺电);⑥means test(财产调查),在 mean time(标准时
间),mean price(标准价)中,mean 是形容词,作定语;⑦notions counter
(卖女用杂货的小店);⑧a savings bank(储蓄银行),a savings account
(存款册),savings bond(储蓄公债);注意 a saving grace(可取
之处)的saving 是分词;③某些表示疾病的词加另一名词,如
measlesinfection,rickets process。
(2)名词用于构词
误:The townpeople are strongly against the decision made
by the government.
正:The townspeople
名词用于构词时,一般用单数,但也有用复数形式的,常见的有:
①bondsman(农奴),bondswoman(女奴);②clansman(同族男子),
clanswoman(同族女人),但在clanship(氏族关系)中,clan 用单数;
③cragsman(爬岩能手);④frontiersman(拓荒者);⑤handsman (击
球手);⑥headsman(刽子手或搬运工人),但head 在下列搭配中须用
单数:head money(人头税),head office(总局),headspring (源
泉),headwind(逆风),headwork(脑力劳动),headword(标题);
⑦helmsman(舵手);⑧herdsman(牧民);⑨huntsman(猎人),huntswoman
(女猎人),huntsmanship(打猎技术),但在huntball(猎人舞会)
中,hunt 用单数;⑩kinsfold(亲戚),kinsman(男亲戚),kinswoman
(女亲戚),kinsmanship(亲情);(11)marksman(射手),markswoman
(女射手),marksmanship(射击技术);(12)oarsman(划船能手),
oarswoman,oarsmanship;(13)plainsman(平原居民),但在plain 与
其他名词连用时是形容词,如 plain clothes(便衣),plain dealer (老
实人),plain text(明码);(14)rouncsman(送牛奶或面包的人),
但在下列搭配中 round 须用单数,如 round trip(来往旅行),roundwood
(白杨);(15)seeds 加另一名词,如seed sman(播种者),但在下列
搭配中,seed 用单数:seed bed(育种温床),seed potatoes(土豆种),
seed corn(玉米种),seed pearls(珍珠种);(16)sidesman(引座
员),但在下列搭配中,side 用单数;sideman(伴奏者),sidewalk
(人行道),sideway (小路),sideline(旁线),sidestep(侧步),
sidestreet(小巷);(17)statesman (政治家),stateswoman ,
statesmanship(治国之道),但在下列搭配中,state 用单数:state
capitalism(国家资本主义),state land(公地),state funeral(国
葬),state policy(国策),state ownership(国有制),state document
(公文);(18)steersman(司机或舵手),steerswoman;(19)townsfolk
(市民),townspeople(市民),townsman(市民),townswoman(女
市民),但在下列搭配中,town 用单数,如 township(镇区),town council
(市镇议会),town center(市中心),town meeting(镇民大会),
town councilor(市镇议员),town hall(市政厅),town house(市
内住所),town gas(民用煤气),town talk(街谈巷议),town girl
(妓女);(20)tribesman(部落男人),tribeswoman,tribespeople;
(21)woodsman 村中居民),而woodman 指“伐木者”,wood 用单数形式
的还有:woodcut(木刻),wood cock(山鸡)。
(3)名词既作定语,也可用于构词
误:He became a game master after graduation.
正:a games master
有些名词在作定语或用于构词时,常作复数形式,常见的有:①games
master(男体育教师),games mistress(女体育教师),gamesman,
gamesmanship,但在下列搭配中,game 只可用单数:game ball,game
bird(猎鸟),game fowl(猎鸟),game cock(斗鸡),game fish,
game laws,game licence,game room(娱乐室);②guards officer
(警卫官),guardsman(卫兵),但在下列搭配中,guard 用单数:
guardhouse(岗亭),guardroom(卫兵室),guardship(巡逻),guard
boat(巡逻艇);③sales promotion(货物推销),sales talk(推销
演说),sales resistence (推销阻力),sales tax(销售税),sales
agency(经销处),sales department (门市部),salesman,saleswoman,
salesgirl/saleslady,salesclerk,salesper- son,salesmanship;
④sports car(赛车),sports shoes(运动鞋),sports coat/jacket
(运动衫),sports page(体育版),sportsman(男运动员),sportswoman,
sportswriter ( 体育记者), sportswriting (体育新闻报导),
sportsmeeting(运动会),sportsground(操场),sportscast(电台
或电视中的体育新闻报导),但有时也用 a sport shirt 表示“香港衫
或运动衫”。
§1.2 名词单复数运用中应注意的一些问题
1.总是用作单数的名词
误:Bring me a chalk.
正:a piece of chalk
误:He gave me many good advices.
正:many pieces of good advice
(1)物质名词代表物质的全体,无复数形式,如要说到该项物质的
具体多少,须在前面加单位名词,变复数时,即将此单位名词改为复数,
常见的这类名词有:chalk,meat,paper,soap,bread,furni- ture,
baggage,clothing,food,merchandise,equipment,lightning,thunder,
toast,corn,jewelry,luggage,mail,music,air,smoke,hydrogen,
oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,milk,ink,electricity,heat,darkness,
sunshi ne,weather,chemistry,economics,mathematics,physics,
dirt,dust,flour,rice,salt,sand,grass,hair。
(2)抽象名词没有复数形式,并且也不能把不定冠词加在它们的前
面,如要加以数的观念时,须加“a stroke of”,“two pieces of”
等表量的短语于它们的前面,如 a stroke of luck,two pieces of
informa- ion,many pieces of advice 等,这类常见的抽象名词有:
advice,infor- mation,luck,bravery,courage,ha ppiness,honesty,
love,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,fun,laughter,peace,
ignorance,intelligence,knowl- edge,work,trouble。
注意以下四点:
①water,silk,ash 等物质名词用复数形式时,则成普通名词,如
watets(海水),silks(绸衣),ashes(骨灰、遗体)。
a.Many ships go down on the waters.
b.She is dressed in silks.
c.His ashes are in Westminister Abbey.
②glass,tin,copper 等物质名词也可当作普通名词,加s 则成复
数,试比较:
a.He drank a glass of beer.
He filled the glasses with wine.
b.I opened a tin of peaches.
I bought two tins of coffee.
c.I haven't a copper in my pocket.
He gave the beggar a few coppers.
③advice 作“消息、通知、报告”解时有复数形式:
a.We have advices to the effect that the price of copper is
declining.
b.From the latest advices from Geneva,I learn that Austria
will be- come an independent nation on May 15.
④其他例子:
a.He bough three pounds of meat.
b.Here are two cakes of soap.
c.A bed is a piece of furniture.
d.She has bought a new article of clothing.
2.总是用作复数的名词
误:We ptayed billiard.
正:billiards
误: Please accept my warmest congratulation on your
greduation.
正:congratulations
(1)许多由双边、多边或几个部分合成的物质名词都要用复数形式。
①衣物:breeches(马裤),knickers(灯笼裤),shorts(短裤),
pants (短衬裤),drawers(内裤),clothes(衣服),pyjamas(睡
衣),rags (破旧衣服),duds(破衣服),reach-me-downs(现成
或穿旧的衣服),cast-offs(不再穿的衣服),weeds(丧服),fleshings
(肉色紧身衣),tails (燕尾服),habiliments(礼服),trappings
(礼服、服饰)等等。
a.The poor were in duds.
b.After her husband's death,the widow was in weeds for a long
time.
②工具:scissors(剪刀),grasses(眼镜),shears(大剪刀),
pliers (钳子),bellows(风箱),spectacles(眼镜),tongs(钳、
夹子),goggles (护目镜),bifocals(双光眼镜),contactlenses
(无形眼镜),binoculars (望远镜),blinders(障眼物),irons
(铁镣),fetters(脚镣),shackles (镣铐),bonds(镣铐),manacles
(手铐),forceps(钳子),calipers (卡钳),tweezers(镊子),
snuffers(烛剪),nail-shears(指甲剪),edging- shears(修边
剪),secateurs(整枝大剪刀),dividers(圆规),compasses (两
脚规),scales(天平),等等。
a.The glasses are on the table.
b.The pair of glasses is on the table.
c.The pants are in the drawer.
d.This pair of pants is bought for you.
③一些病名:measles(麻疹),hives(荨麻疹),rickets(佝偻
病),piles(痔疮),mumps(腮腺炎),rabies(狂犬病),glanders
(鼻疽病),shingles(带状胞疹),arthritis(关节炎),gripes(腹
或肠痛),the bends(高空病),等等。当这些名词作主语时,谓语动
词常用单数:
a.Measles takes a long time to get over.
b.Glanders is a contagious disease of horses with swellings
below the jaw,and sores in the nose and throat.
④某些以-s 结尾表示球类或游戏的名词:billiards(台球戏),
dominoes(西洋骨牌),darts(投镖游戏),bowls(滚木球游戏),
draughts (西洋跳棋),checkers(弹子游戏),fives(球戏),skittles
(九柱戏),ninepins(九柱戏),nineholes(九孔戏),musical chairs
(抢座位游戏),marbles(弹子游戏),cards(牌),等等。当这些
名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数:
a.Billiards is played by women as well as men.
b.Dominoes is played with 28 flat oblong pieces of bone or
wood.
c.Draughts is an easier game than chess.
(2)表示钱财及与钱财有关的名词,常用的有:means(财产),
wages(工资),savings(存款),takings(进款),earnings(赚的
钱),gains(收入),gainings(利润),winnings(挣来的钱),havings
(财产),finances(财源),revenues(总收入),proceeds(收入),
supplies (零用钱),funds(资金),receipts(收入),returns(利
润),pickings (利润),alms(救济金),damages(赔偿费),extras
(额外费用),repara-tions(赔款),reprisals(赔偿费),breakages
(赔偿损失费),expenses (费用),securities(债券),gratuities
(赏金),reprises(租金),stakes (赌金),arrears(欠款),
arrearages(欠款),engagements(债务),liabilities (债务),
consols(统一公债),incidentals(杂费),dues(应付费),assets
(财产、资产),outgoings(支出),possessions(财产),temporalities
(教会财产),coffers(财产、金库),prospects(将来可能得到的
财产),lands(地产、田产),effects(私人所有物),belongings (所
有物),traps(随身携带物),things(所有物),moneys(金额、款
项),valuables(贵重物品),purse-strings(财权),haves(富
人、富国),have- nots(穷人、穷国),等等。
a.He is a man of means.
b.I'd like to help you,but I'm momentarily out of funds.
c.We must try our best to make receipts meet expenditures.
(3)某些表示住所、所在地、场地、范围、界限等的名词,常用的
有:quarters(住所),lodgings(住所),digs(住所),customs (海
关),headquarters(司令部),movies(电影院),pictures(电影
院),premises(房屋),grounds(周围场地),lists(竞技场),
mews (马厩),shambles(屠宰场),limits(范围),bounds(范围),
precincts (范围),confines(范围),purlieus(近郊),soundings
(音域),high- seas(公海),waters(领海),head-waters(河
源、源流),shallows (浅水处),depths(深处),bowels(深处),
shades(黑暗处),sticks (农村),environs(郊区),outskirts
(郊区),suburbs(郊区),wilds (未开发之地),ladies(女厕所),
tropics(热带),battlements(城垛),eaves(屋檐),等等。
a.He spent his Christmas Day in his lodgings.
b . The officers were having a meeting at the division
headquarters.
c.This is beyond the confines of the human knowledge.
d.Is there any fish in the depths of the ocean?
(4)表示剩余物、遗物、遗体、渣滓、屑滓等的名词,常用的有:
leavings(剩余物),bits(吃剩的东西),scraps(残羹剩饭),remnants
(残余物),rinsings(残渣),grounds(渣滓),scourings(渣滓),
dregs (渣滓),lees(渣滓),tailings(尾渣),greaves(脂渣、
金属渣),sweepings (垃圾),cleanings(垃圾),remains(遗体),
ashes(骨灰),ruins(遗址),relics(遗址),gleanings(残遗物),
filings(铁屑),chippings (片屑),parings(削下的皮),shavings
(刨花),clippings(剪下物),等等。
a.It's not easy to wipe out the remnants of bourgeois rights.
b.Effective measures must be taken to deal with the scourings.
c.Those scientists were studying the gleanings for long hours
of re- search.
(5)表示命令、指示、吩咐、指导、准备等的名词,常见的有:orders
(命令),dictates(命令),directions(指示),instructions(指
示),specifications(说明书),teachings(教导),arrangements
(准备),等等。
a.You must obey the dictates of your own conscience.
b . The teachings of Marx and Lenin on the state are
veryimp
c.Arrangements have been made to give the foreign guests a
warm welcome.
arrangement 作“计划、准备”解时,必须用复数形式,但作“安排”
解时,可依据不同的情况用作单数可数名词或不可数名词:
a.It is a personal arrangement.
b.The arrangement of the furniture took us a long time.
(6)某些表示记录、笔记、回忆录、游记等的名词,常见的有:
observations(观察记录),pages(记录),transactions(会议记录),
muni- ments(记载、证书),minutes(记录),archives(档案),
recollections (回忆录),reminiscences(回忆录),memoirs(回
忆录),travels(游记),等等。
a.Professor Brown has read a lot of pages of history.
b.At the end of his career in politics,he retired and wrote
his mem- oirs.
(7)某些表示环境、情景、情况、条件等的名词,常见的有:sur
- roundings(环境),difficulties(困境),straits(困境),prospects
(前景),expectations(前程、前景),circumstances(情况),matters
(情况),things(情形),proceedings(进行情况),movements(活
动情况),times(生活情况),conditions(情况),merits(本身情
况),rights (实况、真情),terms(条件),strings(附加条件),
等等。
a .Before liberation,thousands of poor people fell into
hopeless straits.
b.He wrote an account of the proceedings of the meeting.
c.The police think this man may be the thief they're looking
for,so they're watching his movements.
d.The enemy were under unfavourable conditions.
(8)某些表示祝贺、祝福、祝愿、祈祷、致敬、致意、致谢、问候、
吊唁等的名词,常见的有:congratulations(祝贺),wishes(祝愿),
prayers(祝福),devotions(祈祷),rogations(祈祷),matins (晨
祷),devoirs(致敬),thanks(致谢),regards(问候),compliments
(问候),respects(问候),greetings(问候),remembrances(问
候),condo- lences(吊唁),等等。
a.Whatever you decide,you have my prayers.
b.Rogations were sung in Christmas Churches.
c.The young pioneers paid their devoirs to the revolutionary
fighters.
(9)表示喜怒哀乐等思想感情方面的名词,常见的有:sweets(快
乐),raptures(狂欢),gaieties(狂欢),amenities(令人愉快之
事),feelings(感情),sympathies(同情心),bowels(同情心),
heartstrings (最深的感情),affections(钟爱),addresses(求
爱、殷勤),sensibilities (感情),moods(心情),spirits(精
神),bitters(苦难),mopes(忧郁),blues(闷闷不乐),apprehensions
(忧虑),cares(忧虑),misgivings (忧虑),worries(苦恼),
nerves(神经紧张),creeps (毛骨悚然的感觉),horrors(恐惧),
willies(恐惧感),fidgets(坐立不安),sufferings (苦难),pains
(辛劳),rigours(艰苦),labours(劳累),jumps(心惊肉跳),
ills(苦难),throes(阵痛),tortures(折磨),tears(眼泪),
woes(灾难),wits(理智),lights(智能),convulsions(捧腹大
笑),等等。
a.They went into raptures over the victory.
b . The sight of the small child crying tugged at my
heartstrings.
c.No matter how hard he tried,he couldn't get rid of the cares.
d.The author described the rigours of prison life.
(10)某些表示容貌、外表、风度、举止行为、姿态、道德、风俗
习惯、礼仪等的名词,常见的有:looks(容貌),charms(妖媚),
appearances(外表),fea tures(外表),graces(行为举止),airs
(姿态),morals(道德),manners(礼貌、风俗习惯),proprieties
(礼仪),等等。
a.He was infactuated with her charms.
b.He has read a novel of manners recently.
c.We must observe the diplomatic proprieties.
(11)其他常以复数形式出现的名词:advices(消息、报导),au
- thorities(当局),afters(最后一道菜),affairs(事物),
accountrements(装备),facilities(设备),fittings(设备),
gallows(绞刑架),controls(控制系统),house-lights(照亮观
众席的光),communications(交流),auspices (举办、赞助),bread
-stuffs(粮食、面粉),comestibles(吃的东西),edibles (可吃
的东西),provisions(食品),durables(耐用品),furnishings(家
俱),greens(蔬菜、植物),breakables(易碎品),casualties(伤
亡),chaos (混乱),colours(旗帜),doubles(双打),finals
(决赛),designs(阴谋),wiles(诡计),dealings(交往),relations
(关系),dimensions(尺寸、程度),proportions(面积),deserts
(应得的惩罚),depredations(毁坏),elements (基本东西、恶劣
天气),exercises(军事演习),manoeuvres(演习),fruits (成
果),guts(内脏),games(运动会),honours(优秀成绩),hostilities
(战争),italics(斜体),innings(盘、局),lazybones(懒家伙),
leading-strings (牵绳),lines(台词),likes(爱好),dislikes
(不喜欢的东西),mains(自来水管道),minerals(矿泉水),masses
(群众),munitions(军需品),stores (补给品、军需品),necessaries
(必需品),oils(油画),paints(颜料),good officers(帮助、
调解),overtures(主动的表示),pleadings(起诉书),pick- les
(酸菜),preserves(果酱),potentialities(潜力),qualifications
(必要的能力),rudiments(基础、萌芽),ranks(士兵),rapids
(急流),resources (资源),rations(定额、定量),repercussions
(影响),repairs(维修),rav- ages(毁灭性影响),ravings(疯
话),shortcomings(缺点),tops(最好的一个),thews(肌肉),
vitals(重要部分),wanderings(长途旅行),wants(渴望),reins
(统治),strictures(责难),lights(家畜的肺),bygones(往事),
clutches(爪子、控制),等等。
a.It is revised according to the latest advices.
b.We need some consumer durables.
c.Greens are vegetables,such as cabbages.
d.The general was proud that his men had taken the enemy colours
in battle.
(12)某些惯用或固定短语中常以复数形式出现的名词,常见的有:
turn the tables on sb.(转败为胜),make amends(陪罪),rake on
brains(绞尽脑汁),with flying colours(大获全胜),show on
colours (现出本来面目),stick to on
点),rain cats and dogs(大雨滂沱),be all fingers and thumbs
(笨手笨脚),up to the elbows in(忙于),go to the dogs(差点
毁灭),give on
be on pins and needles(坐立不安),castles in the air(空想),
carry coals to Newcastle(做徒劳而多余的事),have on
the clouds(虚无飘渺),haul over the coals(严厉批评),compare
notes(交换意见),take notes(记笔记),out of on
去理智),come to blows(动手互殴),with open arms(热烈欢迎),
on all fours(完全相似、爬着),lose on
full of beans(精力充沛),spill the beans(不慎泄密),armed to
the teeth(全副武装),show on
(亲密无间),kick over the traces(不服驾驭、不受约束),cover
up on
toes(得罪某人),in terms of(关于),make friends(交朋友),
hold on
guns(高速度地干),stick to on
guts(对某人恨之入骨),sweat on
kid-gloves (温和对待某人),for keeps(永远地),to all intends
and purposes(实质上),by inches(慢慢地),show on
缩),by halves(不完全地),go halves(平分),put sb.behind bars
(把某人送进监牢),pull strings(幕后操纵),by all accounts(根
据大家所知),out of on
(使某人无计可施),lend wings(加速),wheels with wheels(复
杂错综之事),speak volumes for(充分说明),be (down)on on
uppers(一贫如洗),fish in troubled waters(浑水摸鱼),turn up
trumps(令人满意),at close quarters(逼近地),add fuel to the
flames(火上加油),pour oil on the troubled waters(平息风波),
be spit- ting feathers(非常生气),stir on
on the stocks(在准备中),bring sb.to his knees(使某人屈服),
gird up on
all costs(不惜一切代价),knock spots off sb.(彻底打败),burst
on
ways(改过自新),off on
(使某物恢复正常),no great shakes(平凡的人或事),go to pieces
(瓦解、变糟糕),fall to pieces(打碎),cast pearls before swine
(明珠投暗),blow out sb.'s brains(把某人打得脑袋开花),know
on
问题),feel(it)in on
(办事高明),on the cards(很可能发生),as cross as two sticks
(非常生气),a bed of roses(称心如意的境遇),a bed of thorns
(艰难的境遇),take leaves of on
legs(日暮途穷),let sleeping dogs lie(莫惹是非),in pairs (成
对),join hands(携手、联合),join forces(联合、会师),get on
fin- gers burnt(因管闲事吃苦头),at all events(无论如何),
ups and downs (盛衰),on your marks(各就各位),full marks(高
度赞扬),put sb.through his paces(考验某人),in the eyes of
(在?心目中),keep on
秋波),get eyes on(见到),open on
dust in on
on
shake in on
(听其自然),by degrees(逐渐地),rest on on
本),lick the boots of(俯首贴耳、拍马屁),hang up on
(停止干某事),at sixes and sevens(乱七八糟),pull on
up(鼓起劲儿干),in on
bricks(非常紧张),call the shots(发号施令),set by the ears
(震惊),full to the scuppers(很饱),shut/close on
目不见),cry on
(向前/右/左看),by no means(绝不),by all means(务必),by
any means (无论如何),by some means or other(用某种方法),
go shares(分担),on the horns of a dilemma(困境),go to any/great
lenths(竭尽全力),等等。
a.I made amends to my mother for breaking up her favourite
cup.
b.He showed his colours when he rescued the ponies from the
burning car.
c.I'm all fingers and thumbs this morning.I don't seem to
be able to button my shirt.
3.名词单复数意义的差别
a.She had a word with him.她和他说了一句话。
She had words with him.她和他发生口角。
b.He is in the blue.他在蓝天上。
He is in the blues.他精神不振。
英文中有些名词单数和复数意义不相同,如 have a word withsb.表
示“和某人说一句话”,have words with sb.表示“与某人发生争吵”,
have a few words with sb.则表示“和某人说几句话”,in the blues
表示“精神不振、闷闷不乐”,in the blue 则表示“在蓝天上”。
(1)paper
a.Write down your answer on a blank sheet of paper.
b.We have many papers coming in weekly.
paper 用作不可数名词,意为“纸”;papers 用作可数名词,意为
“试卷,文件”。
(2)water
a.They were given some bread and water.
b.They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters.
water 意为“水”;waters 指“连绵不断的水,如江水、湖水、海
水”。
(3)mind
a.We are all of on
b.We have made up our minds to do this.
mind 意为“意见”; minds 意为“决心”,made up on
意为“下定决心”。
(4)boot
a.Jack got the boot.
b.Jack got the boots.
get the boot 是俚语,意为“被解雇”;get the boots 意为“得
到那双靴子”。
(5)deck
a.It's time to clear the deck.
b.It's time to clear the decks.
clear the deck 意为“打扫甲板”;clear the decks 是惯用语,
意为“准备行动、准备战斗”。
(6)dump
a.The man is in the dump.
b.The man is in the dumps.
dump 原意为“垃圾”;(down)in the dumps 是口语,意为“精神
沮丧、情绪低落”。
(7)tin
a.Are you going to buy some tin?
b.Are you going to buy some tins of sardines?
tin 表示“锡”时是物质名词,不可数;它作可数名词时是“罐头盒”。
(8)copper
a.Have you got any copper?
b.Have you got any coppers?
copper 表示“铜”时是物质名词,不可数,它用作可数名词时意为
“铜币、铜锅”。
(9)hand
a.She laid a hand on the boy.
b.She laid hands on the boy.
lay a band on sb.表示“打某人”;lay hands on sb.表示“抓
住某人以便罚款”。
(10)father
a.He slept with his father.他和父亲睡在一起。
b.He slept with his fathers.他和祖先埋葬在一起。
father 表示“祖先”时常用复数形式。
(11)board
a.He swept the board.
b.He swept the boards.
sweep the board 是习语,意为“赢得全部赌注”或“全胜”。
(12)iron
a.Please put the iron over there.
b.Please put the irons over there.
iron 表示“铁”是物质名词,不可数;它的复数形式irons 表示“镣
铐”。
(13)glass
a.Where did you put the glass?
b.Where did you put the glasses?
glass 表示“玻璃”是物质名词,不可数;它的复数形式glasses
表示“眼镜”。它表示“杯子”时是可数名词。
(14)bronze
a.He bought some bronze.
b.He bought some bronzes.
bronze 表示“青铜”时是物质名词,不可数;它作可数名词时指“青
铜制品、铜像”。
(15)board
a.He is on the board.
b.He is on the boards.
be on the board 意为“某董事会的成员”; be on the boards 表
示“被雇用当演员”。
(16)fence
a.He mended his fence.
b.He mended his fences.
mend on
(17)sand
a.Those children found some sand.
b.Those children found some sands.
sands 意为“沙滩”。
(18)salt
a.I bought some salt.
b.I bought some salts.
salts 意为“泻药”。
(19)word
a.He had his last word.
b.He had his latt words.
on
意为“临终遗言”。
4.不可数名词用作可数名词
误:There is much fruit in my refrigerator:apples,oranges,
tomatoes,and so on.
正:There are many fruits
误:Mary is great help to her mother.
正:a great help
物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数的,没有复数形式,但当词义发
生变化时,也可以出现数的概念。
(1)表示不同的类别时,可用复数,如teas(各种茶),steels
(各种钢),fruits(各种水果),grasses(各种草),snows,sands,
waters 则分别表示连绵不断的雪(积雪),沙(沙漠),水(江水、湖
水等)。
(2)抽象名词有时前面加不定冠词,就变成普通名词,用来表示
一种、部分、结果、所有者及实例,就失去抽象名词原有的特性。
a.It is a thousand pities.(a great pity)非常遗憾。
b.The grammar lying upon the desk is mine.
桌上的语法书是我的。
c.I have a friendship for him.我跟他有交情。
d.A good map would be a help.
e.It was a relief to sit down.
f.He had a good knowledge of physics.
g.It would be a pity to cut down these trrees.
类似的还有:a love of music,a hatred of violence,a hope/hopes,
anidea/ideas(想法),a job/jobs,a day/days,a fear/fears,a
suspicion/suspi-cions,a worry/worries,a need/needs。
试比较:
a.She had beauty in her youth.她年轻时长得美。
She was a beauty in her youth.她年轻时是个美人。
b.Children should show respect for their teachers.
孩子们应该尊敬师长。
They paid a respect to the late prime minister.
他们向已故首相遗体告别。
c.I'm learning composition.我在学习写作。
I'm writing a composition.我在写作文。
d.Exercise makes up strong.运动可以强身。
Swimming is a good exercise.游泳是好的运动。
e.Life is pleasure.人生是快乐的。
Work is a pleasure to him.工作对他是一种乐趣。
f.Kindness is a virtue.友善是美德。
He has done me a great kindness.(act of kindness)
从他那儿我得到许多恩惠。
I have received many kindnesses from him.他对我非常好。
g.Life is short.人生苦短。
He lives a happy life.他生活幸福。
Many lives were lost in that railway accident.
在那次火车事故中死亡了很多人。
有时在名词前另加表示数量的词,也同样有使抽象名词变成普通名
词的作用,如what a piece of impudence(何等卑鄙),twenty c asesof
death(二十个死者),a word/piece of advice(一句忠言),a stroke
ofwork(工作计划),what a stroke of luck(多么幸运)。
(3)复数形式时词义的变化。
a.Paper was made in China about 2000 years ago.
please hand in your papers.
paper 意为“纸”,papers 意为“考卷”。
b.The boat draws six feet of water.
They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters.
This is a ship for service in home waters.
water 意为“水”,waters 意为“领海”。
c.I am of your mind.
They made up their minds to give their lives to their
country.
mind 意为“意见”,minds 意为“决心”。
①物质名词和抽象名词的复数形式还可表示“数量之大、种类之多”
等概念。试比较:
a.He did the work without any difficulty.(困难)
If you knew the difficulties I am in!
你要知道我遭到何等困难就好了!(表示困难之大)
b.A tobacconist is a person who sells tobacco.(烟草)
Some of the best tobaccos are grown in Turkey.(表示烟
草种类之多)
②专有名词通常为单数,但有时根据具体情况也会出现复数。
a.Have you invited the Browns.(指布朗一家)
b.There are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in the class.(指
两个同姓Smith 的女子)
5.可数名词用作不可数名词
误:He goes to work by a bicycle.
正:by bicycle
误:There are many rooms for improvement in our work.
正:There is much room
英语中不可数名词有时可以用作可数名词但意思起一定的变化,如
glass(玻璃),glasses(玻璃杯),tea(茶),teas(各种茶),experience
(经验),experiences(经历)。但可数名词有时也可以用作不可数名
词(以前我们一直称为惯用法),如:We were at table when he came
in.这里at table 中的table 已经不再表示具体的桌子,而表示抽象的
概念,其意思是“进餐”,因而变成不可数名词,前面没有不定冠词。
由具体到抽象,必须变用冠词(单数时)为不用冠词,这就是英语中可
数名词用作不可数名词的基本特点。可数名词用作不可数名词大致可以
分以下几种情况:
(1)可数名词school,college,market,prison,court,hospital,
camp,bed,table,sea,class,church 等与介词at,after,in,to,
from 等连用时,常失去可数名词的具体意义,不表示这些名词所代表的
事物,而表示与之有关的情形或活动,或表明它们的使用目的,这样的
名词转为抽象名词,具有不可数名词的特点,它们前面不能有冠词。
a.All my children are at college.
b.He goes to school every day.
c.Before libration my father was sent to prison without any
reasonwhatever.
d.When he was a boy his greatest wish was to go to sea.
如果上述名词用作原来的意义,即表示某一具体的实物时,是可数
名词,其单数须加冠词。试比较:
e.My daughter goes to school every day.
f.I'm going to the school to attend the parents' meeting.
(2)表示交通工具的一些名词,如bicycle,car,bus,train,
boat/ship,aeroplane/plane 等与by 连用时,已经不表示具体的交通工
具,而表示抽象的概念,如乘车、坐飞机等,相当于by 加不可数名词land,
water,air 等,on foot(走路),on horse beck(骑马)也属于这种
用法。
a.He goes to work by bicycle.
b.He came by boat.
c.I prefer to go on foot.
(3)一些表示职位、身份、职业的可数名词,在句中作表语、补足
语及同位语时,表示该名词具有的抽象意义,可看作不可数名词。
a.His father is professor of Tianjin University.
这句中的professor 侧重在抽象的概念,含有形容词的意味,它不
是指教授中的一位教授,而是表示一种职位,它的意义和抽象名词
professorship 相似,因而多少具有不可数的性质。试比较:
b.His father is a professor of Tianjin University.
这句中的professor 是可数名词,是指具有教授职位的个人而言,
意即:许多教授中的一位。
c.He is president of the association.
d.Comrade Li is secretary of our Party Organization.
上述中president,secretary 具有抽象意义,相当于抽象名词presi
-dentship,secretaryship,一般语法书都把这种结构看作省略冠词,
我们认为恐怕还是抽象化的缘故。又如在下句中,我们不能看作省略冠
词。
e.She is woman enough to understand why you are in trouble.
作为女人她能理解你为何陷入困境。
f.He was gentleman enough to help her.他十分慷慨地帮助了
她。
这两句中的woman 和genthleman 都不能看作省略冠词,而相当于抽
象名词womanhood,gentlemanship,又如:
g.She is all woman.她女性味十足。
h.I am more engineer than soldier.
与其说我是士兵,不如说我是工程师。
这两句中的woman 和engineer 更不能理解为省略了冠词,同样用作
抽象名词,相当于形容词。
(4)在表示数量的of 结构中,如 a bit of garden,a kilometre
ofrailway,a patch of road,two miles of bumpy road,a few square
feet offloor,an inch of pencil,acres of lawn,two-hundred miles
of wall 以及表示头衔、学位、地位的of 结构中,如 the rank of general,
the title ofhero,the post of usher 等,of 后的名词具有抽象意义,
用作不可数名词。
(5)在一些短语中,可数名词常失去可数名词的具体意义而发展为
抽象意义,用作不可数名词。
a.The trees are now in flower.
b.There's no school tomorrow.
c.He's on holiday.
(6)有些名词既可作可数名词,又可用作不可数名词,但意义不一
样,试比较:
a.The house comprises five rooms.(房间)
There is much room for improvement in our work.(余地)
b.China is a great socialist country.(国家)
It is very good country for growing rice.(地方)
c.I am going to move to a new house.(房子)
She keeps house for his uncle.(管家)
(7)英语中表示动物名称的名词是可数名词,而用来表示它们的肉
时则是不可数名词。
a.I saw two little lambs.
I like to eat New Zealand lamb very much.
b.I caught two fish yesterday afternoon.
I like fish very much.
c.Don't count your chickens before they are hatched.
Do you like boiled chicken?
英语中有些动物名称和它们肉的名称的名词不是同一个词,但也适
用这一规律,如cow(牛),beef(牛肉),sheep(羊),mutton(羊
肉),pig(猪),pork(猪肉)。
(8)英语中用来表示物体的名称是可数名词,但用来表示该物体的
物质名词则是不可数名词。
a.There is a huge pine in front of my house.
This box is made of pine.
b.I had an egg for my breakfast today.
Egg is my favourite dish.
(9)表示时间的名词,如 day,morning,noon,night 等,如果用
来指天色,表示抽象的概念,不表示一天中的各段时间,用作不可数名
词。
a.Morning is the best time for study.
b.Night falls.
c.When our part of the earth begins to turn away from the sun,
wehave afternoon and evening and night.
此外,如果在单数可数名词前加上too much 或too little 时,可
数名词则用作不可数名词,表示抽象意义。
d.He has too much family.他家务太重。
e.He seems to have too much mouth and too little ear.
似乎他自己讲得多,听别人的意见少。
(10)名词复数的不可数性
一般,只有可数名词才有复数,但也有一些复数形式是不可数
的,如:He used to sleep in my rooms when he came to town.这
里rooms 虽指一间以上的房间,但把各房间的总和看作一个单位,而并
不指每
一房间,to sleep in my rooms 当然不是说同时睡在多个房间。
All+多数普通名词结构:
a.I am all ears to hear their discussion.我很留意他们的讨
论。
b.At the magic show the children were all eyes.
孩子们目不转睛地观看魔术表演。
这种结构表示性质到了极点。在该结构中,名词复数并不表示具体
的两只耳朵、两只眼睛,而表示抽象概念,具有不可数性质,注意all
不可改为both。还有一些名词,特别是与“婚丧、喜庆”有关的名词常
用复数,但它们并不可数。
a.Congratulations!
b.Please give my best regards to your father.
c.We all filed past to pay our last respects to the remains
of Lao Li.
6.不可数名词误用为可数名词
误:The passenger has left two baggages in the train.
正:two pieces of baggage
误:He gave me many good advices.
正:much good advice
有些名词容易被理解为可数名词,而实际上是不可数的,如work,
news,chalk,paper,luggage,baggage,advice,fortune,weather,
prose,china(瓷器),information,soap,toothpeste,property,
homework,music,equipment,bread,toast,hearsay,fun,luck,
clothing,merchandise,food 等,如欲加上数的观念时,应加 a piece
of,an article of,a stroke of 等等。
a.A wardrope is a piece of furniture.
b.She has bought a new article of clothing.
c.Man needs various kinds of food.
d.Two articles of merchandise were lost in the store.
e.What a stroke of luck I have!
其他例子
(1)误:There is still a room for improvement.
正:room
room 作“余地、空间”解时为不可数名词。下列几句也是错的,须
去掉其中的不定冠词。
a.You are a great fun.
b.We have a good weather today.
c.It is a great luck to meet you here.
d.The child can be a good company for me.
(2)误:I have a good news to tell you.
正:good news
news 只可作不可数名词,其前可以用a piece/item/bit of,
some/little/much 修饰,如 a piece of bread,a piece of equipment,
a piece of jew-elry,a shert of paper,a cake of soap,a bottle
of ink,all ear of corn,an ar-ticle of furniture。
(3)误:He has recently found a work at bank.
正:a job
work 当“工作、职业”解时,为不可数名词,work 的复数形式可用
于以下情形:
①复数形式既可用作单数,也可用作复数,当“工厂”解。
a.This works is the biggest factory in the city.
b.Those are chemical works.
②复数形式用作复数:
当“著作”解,如the works of Shakespeare。
当“工程、工事’解,如defence works。
当“奇迹”解,如 might works。
(4)误:He wrote with a chalk.
正:a piece of chalk
chalk 是不可数名词,但当它指“各种粉笔”时,也可以有复数形式
chalks。
(5)误:Could you give me a paper to write the address on?
正:a piece of paper
paper 表示“纸”时为不可数名词,但它表示“文件、考卷、报纸”
时为可数名词。
(6)误:You have such a good fortune.
正:a piece of good fortune
fortune 指“运气”时为不可数名词,但表示“财富、财产”时为可
数名词,如:She has made a fortune.
(7)误:It's not good to go out in such a bad weather.
正:bad weather
weather 是不可数名词,但在某些习惯用语中,它常以复数形式出现,
如 under all weathers(不论天气如何),in all weathers(不管某
人命运)。
(8)误:Professor White asked me to write a prose.
正:a piece of prose
prose 表示“散文”时,为不可数名词,但可用 in a prose 表示“用
散文形式写”。
(9)误:It's on
resign.
正:It's on
(10)误:The used car was in a good condition.
正:in good condition
condition 指情况、健康情形时,为不可数名词,但指环境或条件时,
常作可数名词。
a.Being a good skater is on
on the hock-ey team.作一个好的溜冰者是进入曲棍队的条件之一。
b.Poor working conditions caused the employees to go on strike.
恶劣的工作环境使员工们罢工。
(11)误:Where are your baggages?
正:Where is your baggage?
(12)误:How many luggages do you have?
正:How much luggage
(13)误:The old often give good advices to the young.
正:advice
advice 是不可数名词,须用 a piece of 或 two/four/many pieces
ofadvice。当advice 指“从远处来的消息”,尤指“商业信息”时,有
复数形式advices。advice 为名词,相应的动词为advise。
(14)误:He obtained many informations from his friends in
that gov-ernment agency.
正:a lot of information
(15)误:I have ordered new furnitures for the office.
正:furniture
(16)误:He checked in his luggages at the airport.
正:luggage
baggage 和luggage 一样,都做“行李”解,这两个词都是不可数名
词,不能用复数:Where is your baggage?假如说到行李的件数,则是
apiece of luggage/baggage,two/three?ieces of luggage/baggage,
这两词区别是luggage 是旅客的一般行李,baggage 则是笨重的行李,如
军队的行李。
(17)误:The typhoon did many damages to the growing rice.
正:much damage
damage 指“损害”时为不可数名词。当它指“损害赔偿”时,为可
数名词:The insurance company refused to pay him damages.
(18)误:He is a man of noble characters.
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